On The Cameras Today – Sunday 4th August 2024

MAINLINE CAMERAS

ALTRINCHAM CAMERAS (Mid-Cheshire Line, Greater Manchester🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

APPERLEY BRIDGE CAMERA (Leeds-Bradford Line/Airedale Line, Bradford🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

11:05 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

12:14 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

19:23 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

BARKING CAMERAS (London, Tilbury and Southend Line, East London🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

BEATTOCK CAMERA (West Coast Main Line, Dumfries and Galloway🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿)

BEDFORD CAMERA (Midland Main Line/Thameslink, Bedfordshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

BOLTON LE SANDS CAMERA (West Coast Main Line, Lancashire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Freightmaster (freightmaster.net)

23:12 – West Coast Railways diesel hauled ECS move – 5Z69 York to Carnforth Steamtown

BUSHBURY JUNCTION CAMERA (London and North Western Railway, Wolverhampton🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

CAMDEN JUNCTION CAMERAS (West Coast Main Line/North London Line, North London🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

 – CAMERA 1(West Coast Main Line)

12:06 – West Coast Railways diesel hauled ECS move – 5Z88 Euston to Southall Wcr

12:08 – West Coast Railways operated 86259/E3137 ‘Les Ross/Peter Pan’ light engine move – 0Z89 Euston to Rugby Carriage Sidings

 – CAMERA 2 (Primrose Hill Station (Disused) & Freight Line)

 – CAMERA 3 

Alternates between Camden Junction South, North London Line & London Skyline

CARDIFF/LONG DYKE JUNCTION CAMERA (South Wales Main Line, City and County of Cardiff🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿)

CHESTERFIELD SOUTH JUNCTION/HASLAND CAMERAS (Midland Main Line, Derbyshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

10:43 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

18:58 – Hanson & Hall operated 125 Group 43089 & 43159 ‘Rio Warrior’ hauled ECS move – 5Z44 Barrow Hill Loco Inspection Point to Butterley Midland Railway Centre

CHINLEY CAMERA (Chapel Milton Viaduct, Hope Valley Line, Derbyshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿) 

Hosted by Hello Dave Autocare and Repair (hellodaveautocare.co.uk)

CLEETHORPES CAMERAS (Barton Line/South Humberside Mainline, Lincolnshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

CLITHEROE CAMERA (Ribble Valley Line, Lancashire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

CRAMLINGTON CAMERA 🐈‍⬛ (East Coast Main Line, Northumberland🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

CREWE NORTH CAMERAS (West Coast Main Line, North Wales Coast Line, Crewe-Manchester Line, Cheshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿) 

Hosted by Crewe Heritage Centre (crewehc.org)

 – CAMERA 1

 – CAMERA 2

 – CAMERA 3

Overview of Crewe Heritage Centre.

 – CAMERA 4

Camera Offline due to power supply issues. Expected to be offline for a few weeks.

 – CAMERA 5

 – CAMERA 6

CREWE SOUTH/SALOP GOODS JUNCTION CAMERA (Independent Lines, Cheshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Locomotive Storage Limited (locomotivestorage.co.uk) 

COAST CAMS CAMERAS 

Hosted by Coast Cams (coastcams.com)

 – DAWLISH BLENHEIM & SAN REMO CAMERAS (Riviera Line/Exeter-Plymouth Line, Devon🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿) 

 – DAWLISH WARREN CAMERA (Riviera Line/Exeter-Plymouth Line, Devon🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

DERBY CAMERAS (Midland Main Line/Derwent Valley Line, Derbyshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Rail Operations Group (railopsgroup.co.uk)

10:25 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

DONCASTER CAMERA (East Coast Main Line/South Humberside Main Line, South Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Foodtest Laboratories Ltd (foodtest.co.uk)

EPPING CAMERAS (Central Line, Essex🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Epping Signal Cabin Museum (eppingmuseum.com)

FARINGTON JUNCTION CAMERA (West Coast Mainline, Lancashire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

FLITWICK CAMERA (Midland Main Line/Thameslink, Bedfordshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

FORD, ARUNDEL (West Castaway Line, West Sussex🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Gaugemaster (gaugemasterretail.com/)

GRATELEY CAMERA (West of England Main Line, Hampshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Grateley Trains (facebook.com/grateleytrains/)

HENSALL CAMERA (Pontefract Line, North Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by KJB Models (kjbmodels.co.uk)

KEIGHLEY CAMERA (Airedale Line/Settle & Carlisle Line, West Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Keighley & Worth Valley Railway (kwvr.co.uk)

11:25 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

12:25 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

19:05 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

KENNETHMONT CAMERAS 🐦‍⬛ (Aberdeen-Inverness Line, Aberdeenshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿)

KIDDERMINSTER CAMERA (Snow Hill Lines, Worcestershire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Severn Valley Railway (www.svr.co.uk)

MARYPORT CAMERA (Cumbrian Coast Line, Cumbria🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Mike Taylor Printing Services (facebook.com/miketaylorprintingservices) & Cartcom (cartcom.co.uk)

NAILSEA & BACKWELL CAMERA (Bristol-Taunton Line, North Somerset🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

NEWARK CAMERAS (Bullpit Lane Level Crossing, East Coast Main Line, Nottinghamshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

NEWBURY CAMERA (Berks and Hants Line, Berkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by NOW Storage (nowstorage.co.uk)

NEWCASTLE CAMERA (East Coast Main Line, Newcastle upon Tyne🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by LUMO (lumo.co.uk)

16:32 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

16:52 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

PETERBOROUGH CAMERAS (East Coast Main Line/Ely Line, Cambridgeshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Railworld Wildlife Haven (railworld.org.uk)

 – CAMERA 1 (East Coast Main Line)

12:25 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail DMU test train – 2Q95 Derby Rtc Serco to Cambridge Loco Holding Siding

 – CAMERA 2, 3 & 4 (Ely Line)

12:25 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail DMU test train – 2Q95 Derby Rtc Serco to Cambridge Loco Holding Siding

PORTSMOUTH CAMERA (West Castaway Line, Hampshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

PRESTON CAMERA (West Coast Main Line, Lancashire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

22:58 – West Coast Railways diesel hauled ECS move – 5Z69 York to Carnforth Steamtown

PRINCES RISBOROUGH CAMERA (Chiltern main Line, Buckinghamshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway (chinnorrailway.co.uk)

REDRUTH (SCORRIER) CAMERAS (Cornish Main Line, Cornwall🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Kernow Model Rail Centre (kernowmodelrailcantre.com)

ROWLEY REGIS CAMERAS (Birmingham-Worcester via Kidderminster Line, West Midlands🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

RYDE ESPLANADE (Island Line, Isle of Wight🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Royal Esplanade Hotel (royalesplanadehotel.co.uk)

SALTASH CAMERAS (Cornish Mainline, Cornwall🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Saltash Station Project (saltashstation.co.uk) & Saltash Town Council (https://www.saltash.gov.uk)

SETTLE & CARLISLE LINE CAMERAS

 – GARSDALE CAMERAS (Settle & Carlisle Line, Cumbria🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

13:03 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

13:15 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

17:45 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

 – HELWITH BRIDGE CAMERA (Settle & Carlisle Line, North Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Riverside Cottage at Helwith Bridge (riversidecottagehelwithbridge.com/)

12:41 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

12:56 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

18:06 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

 – RIBBLEHEAD CAMERAS (Settle & Carlisle Line, North Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿) 

  – CAMERA 1 (Ribblehead Viaduct) & CAMERA 2 (Low Sleights Road Bridge)

Hosted by The Station Inn (www.thestationinnribblehead.com/)

12:49 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

13:03 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

17:59 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

  – CAMERA 3 (Station Masters House)

Hosted by Settle & Carlisle Railway Properties Ltd/FoSCL & S&C Trust

12:49 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

13:03 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

17:59 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

SEVERN TUNNEL JUNCTION CAMERAS (South Wales Main Line, Rogiet, Monmouthshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿)

Hosted by NOW Storage (nowstorage.co.uk)

SHEFFIELD CAMERA (Midland Main Line, South Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Electricworks (electric-works.net) 

10:57 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

SHREWSBURY ABBEY FOREGATE CAMERA (Cambrian Line, Shropshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Beach Independent Financial Advisors (beachifa.co.uk)

14:33 – Locomotive Services Group Class 47s hauled Saphos Trains ECS move – 5Z65 Oxley Down Goods Loop to Crewe Holding Sidings

ST ALBANS (Midland Main Line/Thameslink, Hertfordshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by St Albans South Signal Box (tlr.ltd.uk)

TEIGNMOUTH CAMERAS (Riviera Line/Exeter-Plymouth Line, Devon🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

THANKERTON CAMERAS (West Coast Main Line, South Lanarkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿)

TODMORDEN CAMERA (Calder Valley Line, West Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

21:48 – West Coast Railways diesel hauled ECS move – 5Z69 York to Carnforth Steamtown

UPHALL CAMERA (North Clyde Line, West Lothian🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿)

WATFORD CAMERAS (West Coast Main Line, Hertfordshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

12:26 – West Coast Railways operated 86259/E3137 ‘Les Ross/Peter Pan’ light engine move – 0Z89 Euston to Rugby Carriage Sidings

17:40 – GB Railfreight operated Class 56s (56098 & 56103 TBC) light engine move – 0Z56 Leicester Loco Inspection Point to Willesden F Sidings

WESTON-SUPER-MARE AVOIDER LINE CAMERAS (Bristol-Taunton Line, North Somerset🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

WIGAN NORTH WESTERN CAMERAS (West Coast Main Line, Greater Manchester🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿) 

Hosted by The Swan & Railway Hotel (swanandrailwayhotelwigan.co.uk)

WINGFIELD CAMERAS (Midland Main Line/Derwent Valley Line, Derbyshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Derbyshire Historical Buildings Trust (derbyshirehistoricbuildingstrust.org.uk/)

10:37 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

YORK CAMERAS

 – NORTH (SKELTON JN) CAMERAS (East Coast Main Line, North Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Bytemark (bytemark.co.uk)

17:58 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

 – ROC CAMERA 1 (STATION VIEW) (East Coast Main Line, North Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Network Rail (networkrail.co.uk)  

09:03 – West Coast Railways diesel hauled ECS move – 3Z68 York Holgate Siding Freightliner Heavy Haul to York

09:08 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive + support coach – 3Z67 York National Railway Museum to York

09:28 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z67 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) York to Carlisle

13:13 – Hanson & Hall operated 125 Group 43089 & 43159 ‘Rio Warrior’ hauled ECS move – 5Z43 York Holgate Siding Freightliner Heavy Haul to Barrow Hill Loco Inspection Point 

13:34 – Hanson & Hall operated 125 Group 43089 & 43159 ‘Rio Warrior’ hauled ECS move – 5Z43 York Holgate Siding Freightliner Heavy Haul to Barrow Hill Loco Inspection Point 

18:01 – Colas Rail operated Network Rail NMT test train – 1Q17 Derby Rtc Serco to York Holgate Sidings

20:19 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive – 1Z69 The Waverley (Railway Touring Company) Carlisle to York

20:29 – West Coast Railways steam pool locomotive + support coach – 5Z70 York to York National Railway Museum

20:37 – West Coast Railways diesel hauled ECS move – 5Z69 York to Carnforth Steamtown

 – ROC CAMERA 2 (AVOIDING LINE) (North Yorkshire🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿)

Hosted by Network Rail (networkrail.co.uk)

There is no guarantee that the services listed above will run, at the time of posting these are believed to be correct.

---

HERITAGE RAILWAY CAMERAS

CHINNOR & PRINCES RISBOROUGH RAILWAY

(chinnorrailway.co.uk)

Day Rover Tickets, Cream Teas & Steam Observer Experiences – Info at https://www.chinnorrailway.co.uk/calendar.php

CAMERA AT PRINCES RISBOROUGH

EAST LANCASHIRE RAILWAY

(eastlancsrailway.org.uk)

Day Out With Thomas – Info at https://www.eastlancsrailway.org.uk/events-activities/day-out-with-thomas/ 

Summer at East Lancashire Railway – https://www.eastlancsrailway.org.uk/summer-at-the-east-lancashire-railway/  

CAMERAS AT BURY BOLTON STREET (5), HEYWOOD (2), RAMSBOTTOM (4) & RAWTENSTALL (3)

FFESTINIOG & WELSH HIGHLAND RAILWAY

(festrail.co.uk)

Woodland Wanderer, The Aberglaslyn, Gelert Explorer & Mountain Spirit – Info at https://www.festrail.co.uk/calendar/

CAMERAS AT PORTHMADOG HARBOUR STATION, MINFFORDD & TAN Y BWLCH

KEIGHLEY & WORTH VALLEY RAILWAY

(kwvr.co.uk) 

Blue Timetable – Info at https://kwvr.co.uk/visiting-the-kwvr/timetable/

Summer Steam – Info at https://kwvr.co.uk/events/summersteam/

Vintage Trains – Info at https://kwvr.co.uk/events/vintagetrains/?event_rdate=20240803000000,20240803000000

The Vintage Treat – Info at https://kwvr.co.uk/events/the-vintage-treat/?event_rdate=20240803000000,20240803000000

CAMERAS AT DANEMS LOOP (2) HAWORTH (3), INGROW WEST, KEIGHLEY, OAKWORTH & OXENHOPE

LLANGOLLEN RAILWAY

(llangollen-railway.co.uk (stationholiday.co.uk)) 

1960s Weekend – Info at https://llangollen-railway.co.uk/1960s-weekend/ 

CAMERA AT GLYNDYFRDWY

NENE VALLEY RAILWAY

(nvr.org.uk) 

Standard Travel – Info at https://nvr.org.uk/event.php?xProd=468&xRunningID=3098&jssCart=a1b0734b4c1ef4f680f7c44a8034a5c9 

CAMERAS AT ORTON MERE & WANSFORD (2)

NORTH YORKSHIRE MOORS RAILWAY

(nymr.co.uk)

BlueTimetable – Info at https://www.nymr.co.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=92ae74f0-b3b3-433c-a23a-88b7cacc9a7f

Lights, Camera, Traction Film Trail – Info at https://www.nymr.co.uk/Event/film-trail

CAMERAS AT GOATHLAND & GROSMONT

ROMNEY, HYTHE & DYMCHURCH RAILWAY

(rhdr.org.uk)

Home of the Railcam Rambler 

Pink Timetable – Info at https://www.rhdr.org.uk/timetables/ 

CAMERAS AT DUNGENESS, DYMCHURCH, HYTHE, NEW ROMNEY (Hythe end & New Romney Shed), NEW ROMNEY (Dungeness end) & ROMNEY SANDS

SEATON TRAMWAY

(www.tram.co.uk)

Pink Timetable – Info at https://www.tram.co.uk/calendar 

The Dinosaur Tram Adventure – Info at https://www.tram.co.uk/events/view/the-dinosaur-tram-adventure

CAMERA AT COLYFORD, RIVERSIDE HALT/DEPOT & SEATON

SEVERN VALLEY RAILWAY

(www.svr.co.uk)

Timetable B – Info at https://svr.co.uk/event/b-timetable-2/2024-08-04/ 

Vintage Transport Extravaganza – Info at https://svr.co.uk/event/vintage-transport-extravaganza-2024/

Sunday Lunch – Info at https://svr.co.uk/event/on-train-dining-sunday-lunch-2/2024-08-04/ 

Summer Family Fun – Info at https://svr.co.uk/event/summer-family-fun/2024-08-04/ 

CAMERAS AT KIDDERMINSTER (2),BEWDLEY (2), HIGHLEY & BRIDGNORTH

SOUTH DEVON RAILWAY 

(southdevonrailway.co.uk)

Heritage Steam Train Experiences – Info at https://www.southdevonrailway.co.uk/visit-us/heritage-train-experience/ 

CAMERA AT BUCKFASTLEIGH

SPA VALLEY RAILWAY 

(spavalleyrailway.co.uk)

Summer Diesel Gala – Info at https://www.spavalleyrailway.co.uk/product.php?xProd=6508&jssCart=b334919d6584f71004aacb34c249b120 

Fish & Chip Supper – Info at https://www.spavalleyrailway.co.uk/product.php?xProd=269&jssCart=b334919d6584f71004aacb34c249b120 

The Kent Cheese Train – Info at https://www.spavalleyrailway.co.uk/product.php?xProd=5733&jssCart=bf9d9412eec8a9ca4f11e5d42da3d147 

CAMERA AT GROOMBRIDGE

SWANAGE RAILWAY

(swanagerailway.co.uk)

Yellow Timetable – Info at https://www.swanagerailway.co.uk/calendar 

CAMERAS AT CORFE CASTLE (2) & SWANAGE

TALYLLYN RAILWAY

(talyllyn.co.uk) 

Blue Timetable – Info at https://www.talyllyn.co.uk/plan/timetable/ 

Sunset Specials – Info at https://www.talyllyn.co.uk/events/sunset-specials/2024-08-04/ 

CAMERAS AT ABERGYNOLWYN, PENDRE WEST, PENDRE YARD*, TYWYN WHARF & TYWYN YARD* (*Showing the activity ‘behind the scenes’ in Pendre Yard & Tywyn Yard)

WEST SOMERSET RAILWAY

(west-somerset-railway.co.uk)  

Blue Timetable – Info at https://www.west-somerset-railway.co.uk/calendar

CAMERAS AT BISHOPS LYDEARD, BLUE ANCHOR, CROWCOMBE HEATHFIELD, MINEHEAD (2), WATCHET (2) & WILLITON (2). (Cameras at Watchet hosted by Watchet Visitor Centre https://www.lovewatchet.co.uk/visitor-centre/)

There is no guarantee that the services listed above will run, at the time of posting these are believed to be correct.